How does the Trump-Pence ticket stack up against the Biden-Harris ticket?
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Joe Biden has won the US presidential election with running partner Kamala Harris in an historic moment for American politics.
But what do we know about their policies? And how much do Americans really know about the ideologies that drive the former Vice President?
Here’s what we know about what the President-elect seeks to do in office.
What happened in the debates?
When Joe Biden and his running mate Kamala Harris faced off against President Donald Trump and vice-president Mike Pence in televised debates it was an opportunity for American voters — and the world — to see how they differ on policy.
Mr Trump and Mr Biden were supposed to go head-to-head in three debates, but Mr Trump refused to participate in the second event, planned for October 15, after it was announced it would be held virtually.
"I’m not going to do a virtual debate," Mr Trump told Fox News, calling the decision "ridiculous" moments after the Commission on Presidential Debates announced the changes.
The pair met on October 22 for the second and final time before election day. Avoiding the disruptions that marred the first meeting, this debate featured a mute button that allowed each candidate to speak uninterrupted during their opening statements.
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Convention speeches are one thing. But the real test of these two pairs was during the presidential debates, when the American public finally saw the political opponents face each other on the debate stage.
In a bad-tempered and at times chaotic debate, the candidates ripped chunks out of each other on their records and issues such as the economy and race.
Mr Trump was rebuked several times by Chris Wallace, the moderator, for speaking over his opponent. At one point, after incessant interruptions from the president, Mr Biden said: "Will you shut up, man?"
On the weekend of October 3-4, the Trump campaign announced something of a relaunch of their campaign after the turmoil of the president’s illness, using the banner “Operation MAGA”, which stands for Mr Trump’s campaign slogan — Make America Great Again.
Mike Pence, the US vice-president, went head-to-head in the vice-presidential debate that took place on the night of October 7 with Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, in Utah.
The final presidential debate was held at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee, on October 22. Mr Trump delivered a much less combative performance than his first meeting with Mr Biden, as he repeatedly portrayed his rival Mr Biden as an establishment politician unable to bring about real change.
Read more: Who won the vice-presidential debate?
Strengths and weaknesses of Biden-Harris and Trump-Pence
Joe Biden
Joe Biden and Kamala Harris
Credit: AFP
Strengths: Mr Biden is a centrist Democrat who appealed to former Obama voters who turned to Mr Trump in 2016 and polls showed he is more trusted than Mr Trump on issues such as handling coronavirus. Americans of all stripes said Mr Biden was the candidate who could unite the country at a time of major divisions.
Weaknesses: Mr Biden’s age — he is 77 — caused concern among voters who feared he might struggle to cope with the demands of the Oval Office. This concern was exacerbated by his long track record of making gaffes. Republicans exploited these verbal trip-ups, while Mr Trump shared clips of Mr Biden’s gaffes to question his mental acuity.
What did Mr Biden stand for?
Mr Biden has spent almost five decades in politics and has used his long experience in Washington to portray himself as a steady hand able to calm a country in chaos. A key part of his campaign was appealing to reluctant voters who have a nostalgia for the Obama-era, regularly referencing his time in the administration and promising to re-enter many of the agreements formed during that time. Mr Obama recently joined forces with Mr Biden on his campaign trail. Mr Biden has mentioned re-entering the Paris Climate Accord, the global climate agreement Mr Trump withdrew the US from, as well as rescinding the Republican’s signature tax cuts.
What were his key policy promises?
Health care
Mr Biden has made clear that health care remains a top priority for him. It’s an issue that is deeply personal for him; his first wife and young daughter were killed in a car crash in 1972 and his oldest son Beau died of brain cancer in 2015. “I couldn’t imagine what it would have been like if we didn’t have the health care they needed immediately,” he said during the campaign.
Mr Biden said he will expand the Affordable Care Act, the signature legislative achievement of the Obama administration which expanded health insurance to millions of Americans. Mr Biden proposed expanding the ACA and implementing a plan that will insure "an estimated 97 per cent of Americans". Mr Biden said he would achieve this by offering Americans the option to enrole in a public health insurance programme similar to Medicare, which offers coverage to the elderly. However, Mr Biden does not support the universal public health insurance plan backed by progressive Democrats like Bernie Sanders.
Environment
Mr Biden has laid out an ambitious climate plan which includes overhauling the country’s energy industry to achieve 100 per cent emissions-free power by 2035. The plan includes a pledge to invest $2 trillion in clean-energy infrastructure, along with a promise to build 1.5 million new energy-efficient homes and social housing units. In a nod to liberal voters, who had been somewhat unenthusiastic about Mr Biden’s candidacy, the Democrat said the expansive climate plan would be funded by a mix of government investment and increasing the corporate income tax rate from 21 to 28 per cent to ask "the wealthiest Americans to pay their fair share".
Mr Biden shied away from mentioning a ban on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and gas — a politically sensitive topic in battleground states like Pennsylvania and Michigan — instead focusing on incentives for car manufacturers to produce zero-emission electric vehicles. In a move that was unlikely to have pleased the US oil lobby, Mr Biden said in the second debate that he would “transition from the oil industry”. Mr Trump jumped on this as a blunder, arguing it would put off voters in Texas and Pennsylvania.
America and the world
A regular refrain of Mr Biden is his desire to restore America’s standing on the world stage. The Democrat has shown strong support for the country’s relationships with its allies, particularly the NATO alliance. He has also spoken of holding China accountable for unfair trade practices but suggested he would tackle this through an international effort rather than through trade wars.
Tax plan
Mr Biden said he will raise taxes on the wealthiest Americans, which he defines as those with an income of more than $400,000 per year. He wants to impose a marginal tax rate increase – so the more a worker earns over that threshold, the more tax they must pay. Most of those affected are in the top 1-2 per cent of earners in the US. While lower-income Americans would not be taxed directly, critics of Mr Biden’s plan said workers would be forced to accept lower wages and lower investment returns because of the Democrat’s planned corporate tax rises, from 21 per cent to 28 per cent. Mr Biden also wants capital gains and dividends to be taxed at income tax rates.
Foreign policy
Mr Biden has criticised Mr Trump’s "America First" nationalism and the Democrat is much keener on building relationships with America’s allies. Mr Biden will look to repair some relationships, including with NATO and the World Health Organisation. He would also rejoin the Paris Climate Agreement. Mr Biden said he would enter into another international deal with Iran, which was agreed by President Obama and ripped up by Mr Trump. Despite pressure from the left of his party, Mr Biden is a supporter of Israel. Mr Biden has also suggested he would push for new sanctions on the Russian regime and he has been critical of Brexit.
Donald Trump
Donald Trump had the advantage of being the incumbent president
Credit: AP
Strengths: Mr Trump had unshakeable loyalty from a core base of supporters, with more than a third of the country consistently supporting him, and showed in 2016 he could come from behind in the polls to claim victory. Polls showed Americans trusted Mr Trump with the economy more than Mr Biden, a key issue for many voters. The president also had the advantage of being the incumbent, which gave him the opportunity to use the White House as a backdrop for major announcements during the campaign.
Weaknesses: Mr Trump’s great political strength — his ability to draw huge crowds to campaign rallies — was hampered by lockdown restrictions because of coronavirus. Amid criticism of his handling of the pandemic, Mr Trump had a challenge to hold on to older and suburban voters who had been hit hard by the virus.
What was Trump’s second-term agenda?
Mr Trump laid out a second-term agenda that would focus on jobs, taxes and the economy if he was re-elected. Mr Trump took credit for the booming economy the US was enjoying before the coronavirus pandemic, and vowed to rebuild it. The Trump campaign heavily promoted a "law and order" message in its policy proposals in response to the violence and protesting that occurred in US cities over summer. Other promises in the 10-point agenda were a little more loosely worded, such as a pledge to "drain the swamp".
What were his key policy promises?
Job creation
Mr Trump promised to revive America’s ailing economy with a huge job-creation drive, vowing to create 10 million new jobs in 10 months and one million new small businesses. Mr Trump also promised to build on the tax cuts he introduced in his first term, including tax cuts and credits to entice companies to keep jobs in the US rather than overseas. Mr Trump said he would "enact fair trade deals that protect American jobs", but made little mention of how he saw his trade war with China progressing.
Eradicate Covid-19
Mr Trump staked a lot on the hope of finding an effective vaccine for coronavirus in the coming months. The Trump administration launched "Operation Warp Speed" to encourage the development and distribution of a successful vaccine. In his campaign agenda, Mr Trump promised to deliver a Covid-19 vaccine by the end of the year and had made clear he would pursue an America-first approach to any successful vaccine developed in the US or overseas. Under the heading "eradicate Covid-19", the campaign also listed a promise to "return to normal in 2021", as well as pledges to refill stockpiles, ensure critical workers had the resources necessary and prepare for future pandemics.
Law and order
Mr Trump promised to "defend" America’s police forces in the wake of growing protests against instances of police brutality towards African-Americans. Mr Trump leaned heavily on a law and order message, using fear-based rhetoric to discuss the Black Lives Matter movement and other protests sweeping through US cities, and warning that America’s suburbs were under threat. His campaign promised to protect police funding and hire more officers, increase punishments for attacks on police, and take action against political protest movements like the anti-fascist group Antifa. The law and order promises also included tough action on illegal immigration and stronger requirements for legal immigrants.
Tax plan
Like Mr Biden, Mr Trump was also trying to woo Americans with his tax plans. Mr Trump wanted to retain the 37 per cent income tax rate on high earners and hinted at lowering the 22 per cent rate for middle earners to 15 per cent, though this was not formalised by his campaign. Mr Trump expressed a desire to lower capital gains tax from 23.8 per cent to 15 per cent and wanted to nudge down corporation tax from 21 to 20 per cent.
Mike Pence
Mike Pence is tied to criticism of the White House's coronavirus strategy
Credit: AP
Strengths: Mr Pence, a conservative Christian, proved crucial to Mr Trump’s efforts to win the backing of Evangelical Christian voters in 2016, a feat he hoped to repeat this November. Mr Pence has been a strong advocate for nominating conservative judges and prioritising religious freedom over the past four years, issues that attempted to secure the support of conservatives.
Weaknesses: As the face of the White House coronavirus response, Mr Pence was inevitably tied to criticism of the government’s handling of the pandemic and the country’s huge death toll.
Kamala Harris
Strengths: Ms Harris is a skilled campaigner with the ability to energise crowds through her passionate stump speeches. Her centrist policies and record as a prosecutor make her difficult to paint as a radical Democrat who is weak on crime — the Trump campaign’s favoured line of attack. As a biracial woman, Ms Harris is well placed to enact the sweeping changes many Americans have called for in the wake of the summer’s racial inequality protests.
Weaknesses: Ms Harris’ early demise in the Democratic presidential race suggested she lacked the ability to bring in big-dollar donations. Ms Harris flip-flopped on issues dear to the liberal wing of her party such as a universal healthcare system and received an enthusiastic reception from young progressive voters whose support was crucial in November.
Read more: How Kamala Harris has hit back at sexist slurs
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