Google and Apple chief executives Sundar Pichai and Tim Cook met in 2018 to discuss how the companies could work together to drive search engine advertising revenue on Apple products, which they split between them
Inside Google, it is called the “Code Red” scenario. Losing the company’s hallowed position as the iPhone’s de facto search engine would be a nightmare moment, cutting off both advertising revenue and query data, not to mention leaving the door open for competitors.
No wonder that the internet giant pays through the nose for the privilege. According to US government charges against Google filed on Tuesday, the company pays Apple up to $12bn (£9.2bn) a year to be the default search engine, a cosy state of affairs which is claimed freezes out competitors and maintains the company’s search monopoly.
The lawsuit has put the relationship between two tech behemoths, once seen as rivals, under the spotlight. Undoing it might have dramatic consequences for both. Google’s search has long been a punching bag for antitrust regulators, but Apple’s supporting role received much of the focus in Tuesday’s lawsuit.
The US charges focus on the company’s payments to a wide range of phone manufacturers, telecoms companies and web browsers to keep Google’s search engine in front of consumers. These “exclusivity deals”, which cost the company billions of dollars every year, secure Google’s presence on phones, laptops and web browsers and in some cases specifically prohibit those it is paying from doing business with Google’s rivals.
By far the biggest exclusivity deal is with Apple, a company that has long been seen as a rival and has purposefully avoided getting its hands dirty in the world of internet advertising.
Google pays an estimated $8bn to $12bn a year to Apple to make its search engine the default on the iPhone’s Safari browser, the Siri voice assistant and Spotlight, the search feature embedded in iOS.
Translated another way, Google’s payments to Apple account for up to a fifth of the iPhone maker’s entire annual profits. Apple did not respond to a request for comment on these figures or the wider lawsuit against Google.
Google antitrust lawsuit
Google has been the default search engine on Safari since 2005, but as smartphones have become the dominant computing system, the relationship has become ever more important. Almost 50pc of Google’s search traffic last year came from Apple devices, and the Justice Department said around 36pc of all search queries in the US are a result of the Safari agreement alone.
The mutually beneficial arrangement — billions of dollars in one direction, more than a billion iPhone users in the other — seems at odds with the historic rivalry between the two companies. Steve Jobs once vowed to “destroy” Google’s Android operating system, claiming it was a “stolen product”, and in 2009, Google’s then chief executive Eric Schmidt was forced to leave Apple’s board due to increasing competition between the two companies.
But in recent years, that rivalry may have thawed. In 2018, Apple chief executive Tim Cook said “I think their search engine is the best” when pressed about the company’s deal with Google, adding that the company had added privacy protections to limit Google’s data gathering.
The 64-page US lawsuit against Google says that in 2018, Cook and Google boss Sundar Pichai met “to discuss how the companies could work together to drive search revenue growth”. Soon after, a senior Apple employee allegedly wrote to a Google counterpart that “our vision is that we work as if we are one company”.
The relationship could be under threat if restrictions are placed on Google’s exclusivity deals. Cook may claim Google has the best search engine, but if Microsoft offered billions of dollars more, would Apple’s pragmatic boss take it?
“Google is already saying that Google search is the default search engine because consumers love it,” says Daniel Geradin, a Brussels antitrust lawyer. “But then, why did they have to pay Apple billions of dollars to be the default search engine on iOS devices? It does not add up.”
But this is not exclusive: Bing and Yahoo! also pay Apple to feature prominently. And it’s easy to change your search engine. pic.twitter.com/5Ia6dWEi49
— Google Public Policy (@googlepubpolicy) October 20, 2020
The Justice Department argues that the iPhone’s scale means Google’s deal with Apple gives it an almost unassailable advantage. “Google’s hold on Apple’s distribution channel is self-reinforcing, impairing rival general search engines’ ability to offer competitive products and making Google’s monopolies impenetrable to competitive discipline. By paying Apple a portion of the monopoly rents extracted from advertisers, Google has aligned Apple’s financial incentives with its own,” its lawsuit states.
In response to Tuesday’s charges Google’s top lawyer Kent Walker came out swinging, saying: “Apple features Google Search in its Safari browser because they say Google is ‘the best’. He pointed out that iPhone users can easily switch to rivals such as Bing and Yahoo!, which themselves pay to be included as options. "This arrangement is not exclusive — our competitors Bing and Yahoo! pay to prominently feature, and other rival services also appear,” he said. “Changing your search engine in Safari is easy. On desktop, one click and you’re presented with a range of options.”
US prosecutors disagree, arguing that “even where users can change the default, they rarely do. This leaves the preset default general search engine with de facto exclusivity”. If the US government is victorious against Google, the company’s search dominance could be under threat. But Apple will be keeping a close eye on the matter.
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